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│ I'll take you to the zoo if it ( ) fine tomorrow. │
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If I ( ) you, I wouldn't do such a thing. │
└───────────────────────────────┘
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9. 修食èªå¥ã®æ§é
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10. ç¯ãšãããã®
11. å¥ãšãããã®
12. that ã®ç¯
13. if ・ whether ã®ç¯
14. what ・ where ・ when ã®ç¯
15. äžå®è©ã®å¥
16. äžå®è©ã®å¥
17. äžå®è©ã®å¥
18. ing ã®å¥
19. it ã®æ§æ
20. å圢・äžå®è©ã®å¥
21. ing ã®å¥・ éå»åè©ã®å¥
22. çåè© + äžå®è© ã®å¥
23. 圢容è©ã® O ã«ãªãç¯・å¥
III 圢容è©ç修食æ§é
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30. åè© + äžå®è©ã®å¥
31. åè© + of + ing
IV. åçŽæ¥ç¶çïŒæçµåæ§é
32. that ç¯
33. as 〜 ã®ç¯
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6. SVCã®æå (beã®ãªããŸã®åè©)
------------------------------------------------
11 Ann looks happy. [åºæ¬åœ¢åŒSVC]
12 He seems honest. [åºæ¬åœ¢åŒSVC]
------------------------------------------------
11 ã¢ã³ã¯å¹žãããã«èŠãã.
12 åœŒã¯æ£çŽããã .
☆ be 㯠「〜ã 」 ã®ããã«ãã£ã±ãèšããããã®ã ã,ããã«å¯ŸããŠ「〜ã®ããã 」 「〜ããã」 ã®ããã«, 話ãæã®äžç¢ºããªæ°æã¡ãæ·»ããåè©ããã.
look, seem, appear
ã®ïŒã€ã§ãã.
☆ ããããã®æå³ã®éãã¯,次ã®ãšãã.
look 〜 : 〜ã®ããã«èŠããã, å®éããã ãã
seem 〜 : ç§ã®èããããããš, 〜ã®ããã
appear〜 : 〜ã®ããã«èŠããã, å®éã¯ã©ããããããªã
☆ ãã£ã±ãèšãããèšãæ¹ãšè©±ãæã®æšéã®å ãã£ãèšãæ¹ãšã次ã«ãã£ãŠæ¯èŒããŠã¿ãã.
Ann is happy. Ann looks happy.
S V C S V C
☆ appear, look, seem ã¯åŸã«åè©ã® C ããšãããšããã.ãã ã,åè©ã«é¢ä¿ããçšæ³ã¯è€éã§,次ã®ããã«ããããšããã.look like 〜 ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®çšæ³.
appear to (人) as 〜 「(人)ã«〜ã§ããããã«èŠãã」
look like 〜 「〜ã®ããã«èŠãã」
☆ ã»ãã« smell 「〜ã®ã«ããããã」, taste 「〜ã®å³ããã」, sound 「(話ãªã©ã)〜ããã 」 ãªã©ã«æ³šæããã.
──────────────────────
 look(appear)   㯠 ã«èŠãã
 seem   㯠 ã®ããã
──────────────────────
PRACTICE
.次ã®A矀ãšB矀ãšãçµãã§è±èªã®æãäœããªãã.
A矀 B矀
(1) Your story (a) smelled good.
(2) This milk (b) felt very warm.
(3) Everything (c) sounds interesting.
(4) The flowers in the vase (d) tastes sour.
(5) My father's hand (e) appeared different.
II. æ¥æ¬èªã®æå³ã«ãªãããã«( )ã«é©åœãªè±èªã1èªãã€å
¥ããªãã.
(1) ãã®ãã®ãã¯å°ããªåã®ããã«èŠãã.
The mushrooms ( )( ) tiny umbrellas.
è±æè§£é・é·æèªè§£:
・『è±æè§£éã¹ã¿ãŒã¿ãŒããã¯』(ç 究瀟åºç) 髿 ¡çã察象ã«ããè±æè§£é(æå³ã®ãšãæ¹)ã®åèæž+åé¡é。èªè§£ã®åºç€ãåŠã¶ã®ã«åããŠããŸã。
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ïŒ è±¡ã®åŠæ ¡
ïŒ ãªãŸã³å±€
ïŒ å€±æ¥åé¡
ïŒ ã¹ãŒããŒãã³ vs å¯
ãã
ïŒ ä»ã®åŠç
ïŒ ã²ãšãæ
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11 æ¥æ¬ã®åœéå
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 ïŒ ãŒ æ§æãšèªå¥
《ãã©ã°ã©ãïŒ》
In Thailand there is an unusual school. It is unusual because all the students are young elephants. Though the school is new, the idea of training elephants is old. For over three thousand years elephants have been trained to work in Asian forests. Today there are about two thousand seven hundred working elephants in Thailand and about the same number in nearby Myanmar.
・ unusual「æ®éã§ãªã、çãã」(←→ usual)
・ Though 〜, ...「〜ã ããã©ã、...」(= 〜, but...)
though ãš but ã¯éã®æå³ã®ããšå士ãã€ãªãæ¥ç¶è©ã ã、ã€ãªãæ¹ã¯ãŸã£ããå察。
・ the idea of 〜ing「〜ããããšããèã」 <åè©+of+ååè©ã®å¥> ã®åœ¢。ååè©ã®å¥ã¯åè©ã®å
·äœçãªå
容ã瀺ã。(×)the idea to 〜ã®ããã«äžå®è©ã§èšãããšã¯ã§ããªã。
・ training elephants「象ãèšç·Žããããš」 training ã¯ååè©ã§、training elephants ã¯ååè©ã®å¥。ãã®å¥ã¯ train elephants(象ãèšç·Žãã)ãšããåè©è¡šçŸãååè©ã«ãã training elephants(象ãèšç·Žããããš)ãšããåè©è¡šçŸã«å€ãã ãããã®。ãã®ãããªåè©è¡šçŸã®ããšãå è©å圢ãšåŒã¶。
・ have been trained「èšç·ŽãããŠããŠãã」(ååæ
ã®çŸåšå®äº) çŸåšå®äºã®ååæ
ãšåŒãã§ãããã、ååæ
ã® be+éå»åè©ã® be ãçŸåšå®äºã® have been ã«å€ãã£ããã®ãšèããã»ãããã ãããã。
《ãã©ã°ã©ãïŒ》
Elephants do not come to this school. They are born there. The mother elephant stays with her baby until it is about three. Then the young animal begins seven years of training. It has its own teacher who will probably stay with it for all its working lifetime -- until it is sixty years old.
・ ... until 〜「〜ã«ãªããŸã§...」 ããããšããã€ãŸã§ç¶ç¶ããã®ãã衚ãããã¿。
・ seven years of training「ïŒå¹Žéã®èšç·Ž」 (×)training of seven years ãšã¯èšããªã。
・ working lifetime「äžçã®ãã¡åããæé」 working ã¯「åŽåã«åŸäºãã」ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§、「äžç」ãæå³ããå è© lifetime ã修食ããŠãã。
・ for all its working lifetime -- until it is sixty years old「äžçã®ãã¡åããéã、ããªãã¡、60æ³ã«ãªããŸã§」 ãã®ããã·ã¥ã¯「ããªãã¡」ã®æå³。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
・『æé »åºè±èªåé¡』(ã©ã€ãªã³ç€Ÿ)倧åŠå
¥è©Šåéšçã察象ã«ããè±ææ³、è±èªæ§æ(æã®çµã¿ç«ãŠ)、è±èªèªæ³(åèª・çèªã®èªã®çšæ³)ã®åé¡é。é·æèªè§£ãé€ããè±èªå
šè¬ã«ã€ããŠã®åé¡é。
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1. "Is Bill still using your car?" "Yes, I wonder when he ( ) it."
① has returned ② returned ③ returns ④ will return (ã»ã³ã¿ãŒè©Šéš)
2. Stop it; you're ( ) ridiculous.
① be ② been ③ being ④ to be (æ¡çŸæå€§)
3. "Do you think it'll snow much longer?"
"It ( ) to end soon."
① should ② may ③ is going ④ have ⑤ might (äºçްäºå€§)
4. There ( ) no rain here for the past few months.
The water shortage is so serious.
① will be ② is ③ has been ④ will have been (京éœåŠå倧)
è±æè§£é・é·æèªè§£:
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¥è©Šè±èªé·æ・åºç€ç·š』(æ¡åæžåº) 髿 ¡çã察象ã«ããè±æè§£éã®åèæž+åé¡é。é·æèªè§£(é·ãæç« ・ãã©ã°ã©ãã®èªã¿åã)ã®åºç€ãåŠã¶ã®ã«åããŠããŸã。
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å1 C
å2 popular
å3 these are
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å1 Tour de Franceã¯ãããã¬ãã§ãåãäžããæåãªã¬ãŒã¹。ãã®ã¬ãŒã¹ããã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã¯ the Tour de Trumpã®ããã«èªãã®ååãã€ããŠåãå
¥ããããšããã®ã§ãã。ããããcopyã®æå³(「ç䌌ã」)ãæšæž¬ããããšãã§ãã。éžæè¢ã®åè©ã®æå³ã¯A. compete「ç«¶äºãã」、 B. defeat「æã¡ç Žã」、C. imitate「ç䌌ã」、D. steal「çã」ã§ãããã、æããµããããã®ã¯ïŒ£。
å2 åãããŠããæã¯ç¬¬2ãã©ã°ã©ãã®ç¬¬1æã®èšãæã。ããã第1ãã©ã°ã©ãã®ãããã®æãšå¯Ÿå¿ããŠããããšã«æ³šæãããš、alsoãäœã«å¯ŸããŠ「ããŸã」ãªã®ãã€ãããã。第1ãã©ã°ã©ã第1æã§「ãµã€ã¯ãªã³ã°ã¯äººæ°ã®ããã¹ããŒãã«ãªãã€ã€ãã」ãšãã、ããã«å¯ŸããŠ、Mountain bike racingããŸã、ãšèšãããŠãã。ãã®ããšããããã°、ããšãcatch onã®æå³ãããããªããŠã、åé¡ãè§£ãããšãã§ãã。
・『倧åŠå
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¥è©Šåéšçã察象ã«ããè±èªé·æèªè§£ã®åèæž+åé¡é。é·æèªè§£ã®æšæºæ(æšæºçãªèªã¿åãã®ãã)ãåŠã¶ã®ã«åããŠããŸã。
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1. Buy Americans!
2. åçã®çºå±ãšåœéå
3. ãã¬ãã®èŠæ¹
4. åçå¯èœãšãã«ã®ãŒ
5. çœçŽã®æçŽ
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7. ãéã®æŽå²
8. æè¡é©æ°ãšäººéã®æªæ¥
9. é»åã¡ãŒã«
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11. ã¡ãã£ã¢ãšä¿èª
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□... such as 〜 〜ã®ãããª...
□assembly plant çµç«å·¥å Ž
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□be aware of 〜 〜ã«æ°ã¥ããŠãã
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ãµã³ãã«
【åé¡1】<ææ>äžç·éšãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ã。
As an abstract idea, civilization is not very easy to pin down, but civilizations as historical facts are easier to discuss. Even when historians disagree about how many there have been, or whether a particular candidate should be included in the list, or on many other questions, there is a list of civilizations usually accepted as such by virtually all serious students. Those of ancient Mesopotamia or Egypt are on it and so are those of China, and of classical Greece and Rome, to name only some obvious instances. (æ»è³å€§åŠçµæžåŠéš)
【èªå¥ããŒã】
□ pin down「ã¯ã£ããããã、æç¢ºã«ãã」
□ civilizations as historical facts「å²å®ãšããŠã®ææ」
□ even when〜「ããšã〜ã§ã」(=even if〜)
□ a particular〜「ããç¹å®ã®〜」
□ the list「ãªã¹ã」(civilizations as historical factsã®ãªã¹ãã®ããš)
□ as such「ãããããã®ãšããŠ、ãããªãã«」
□ virtually「äºå®äž、å®è³ªçã«」
□ serious「çå£ãª、ãŸãããª」
□ student「ç ç©¶è
」
□ to name「åæããããš、ååãããããš」(toã¯「æ¡ä»¶」ã衚ã)
□ instance「äŸ、å®äŸ」
【æ§æã®ææ¡】
èªãèªå¥ã®äžŠåãããæ§æãäžŠåæ§æãšãããŸã。䞊åãããèªãèªå¥ã¯åœ¢åŒãåããã®ã«ãªããŸã。圢åŒã®ç°ãªããã®ã䞊åãããããšã¯ãããŸãã。
äžç·éšã® disagreeã®åŸã®ãšãããèŠãŠã¿ãŸããã。
historians disagree [<about> or <on>]
ãšãªã£ãŠããŸã。å眮è©å¥ïŒã€ã orã§äžŠåãããŠããŸã。ã«ããããã®ãæ¢ããŠã¿ãŸããã。 how manyãã the listãŸã§ã§ã。ãã®éšåã¯
about [<how many ...> or <whether ...>]
ãšãªã£ãŠããŸã。ã€ãŸã、çåè©ã®ç¯ïŒã€ã orã§äžŠåãããŠããŸã。
ãã©ã°ã©ãã®åŸåã® thoseã®åŸã« andã«ãã䞊åããããŸã。
those [<of> and <of>]
、ã«ããããã®ã¯ïŒž=china,=classical Greece and Rome.ã§ãã、ã¯ããã« classical [<Greece> and <Rome>]ãšãªã£ãŠããŸã。
ç¯å²ããã£ãšåºããšã、ã»ã³ãã³ã¹ã®æåã® ThoseãããèŠãŠã¿ããš、
 are on it, and so are
ãšãªã£ãŠããŸã。ãã®åŸåéšã¯「ãããã 」ãšããæå³ã®åçœ®æ§æã§
 are on it, and are on it, too
ãšè¡šãããšãã§ãããã®。æ§æäžåçš®ã®ãã®ã䞊åãããååã、ããã§ãçããŠããŸã。ãªã、ãã®ïŒ¹ã¯、åã«åæãã those of ...ã®ããš。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
è±åèªé:
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ã察象ã«ããåèªé。ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããé ã§ã¯ãªã、çŸå®ã®äžçã®ã§ãæ¹ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠåé¡ããé¡èªèŸå
ž(ã·ãœãŒã©ã¹)颚ãŸãšãæ¹ã«ç¹åŸŽããã。
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□é£ã¹ã eat 《å€å》eat-ate-eaten
□飲ã¿ç©、飲ã drink 《å€å》drink-drank-drunk
□é£ã¹ã、飲ã have 《èªæ³》eat, drinkã®äžå¯§èª 《å€å》have-had-had
□(è¬ã)ã®ã take 《å€å》take-took-taken
□(奥æ¯ã§)ãããã chew 《é¢é£》chewing gum
□ã®ã¿èŸŒã swallow 《åé³》swallow「ã€ã°ã」□å³ãã、å³ taste 《é¢é£》「奜ã¿」ã®æå³ããã
□æ¶åãã digest 《掟ç》åè©digestion
□飿¬² appetite 《çºé³》[ããã¿ã€ã]
□é£ã¹éãã eat too much = overeat
□äœããããããã®ãé£ã¹ãã。 I want something good to eat.
□å»è
ããé£ã¹éãããªãšèšããã。 My doctor advised me not to eat too much. 《æ§æ》advise  to 〜「ã«〜ãããšå¿ åãã」
□ã±ãŒãã¯ããŸãé£ã¹ãŸãã。 I don't have cake very often. 《ææ³》not 〜 very often「ããŸã〜ããªã」
□ãã®è¬ãïŒæéããšã«ã®ã¿ãªãã。 Take this medicine every 6 hours. 《èªæ³》every 〜 hours「〜æéããšã«」
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
↑Top / ↑Home / ↓Bottom / ↓Basement
é£äº
□æäœé£ã¹ãã®? What did you eat for breakfast?
□ä»æã¯æé£æãã 。 I haven't eaten breakfast. I missed breakfast this morning.
□ãã€ãæé£ã¯æãã§ã。 My breakfast is always brunch. I don't eat breakfast. I never eat breakfast. I always do without breakfast.
□æé£ã«ã¯ãã³ãšãã¯ãã®ã©ã¡ããããé£ã¹ãŸãã。
Which do you prefer for breakfast, bread or rice?
□æé£ã«ã¯ãã³ãããã¯ãã®ã»ãã奜ãã§ã。 I prefer rice to bread for breakfast.
□ãæŒã¯ããé£ã¹ãŸãã。 I've already eaten my lunch.
□ãã©ãŠã³ããã¯æŒé£ã«åºãŠããŸã。 Mr. Brown is out for lunch.
泚æããå°çãŸã§:
ã¡ãŒã«ã§æ³šæããŠãã ãã。æé¢ã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ããŠãã ãã。
xxxãæ³šæããŸã。æ¯èŸŒå
ããç¥ãããã ãã。
åå:your name
ã¡ãŒã«ã¢ãã¬ã¹:your address@your.domain
åžæéè¡å:your favourable bank name
ãã¡ãããæãè¿ãã¡ãŒã«ã§è¿ä¿¡、æ¯èŸŒå
ããç¥ããããŸã。
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å
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